Thank you to everyone who replied. I appreciate it, and I'm sorry that It turns out that I was mistaken about what was the problem. What turns out to be the case, is that the problem was with one particular file association. I can now can get Windows 11 to do file associations for extensions of any number of characters, and have even learned several other ways to set them. But they all don't work on one particular file extension, .menufile. For example, if I use apps > Default Apps, then where a box should allow me to enter an application to run this file type, the box is grayed out. If I go in a file manager to, say, Books.menufile, and right click, and use "Open with", it only allows me the "use this time", not the "use always" option. If I right click and go to file properties, where there should be a "Change" option, it doesn't exist. I was wrong that this was because the file extension was more than four characters, but there's still a problem.
This is a file association which worked in Windows 10 and stopped working when I upgraded to Windows 11. As far as I can tell, every other file association went over unchanged. It is a file association of the ".menufile" extension to an application, a nice little file/application launcher which I named Onward.exe, which I created using Autohotkey. I presume this must have something to do with it. Or so it would seem except that another file association (with a seven letter extension) to Onward.exe was carried over without problem. (I have done a lot of checking since the problem with "menufile" arose and have learned a number of things. Thanks again to those who replied to me.)
I have made a file association to ".menu" which works, and then I made a change to the Onward program so it would process such files as if they had the ".menufile" extension. I still would prefer to make a file association to ".menufile" if it were possible.