That was an app from the microsoft store, which was a bug. Which made sense, as microsoft pushes apps via microsoft store quite frequently. Like new windows installs for instance, Spotify and other garbage. But I have not seen any actual windows installer programs being pushed.
I have only seen it warn and refuse to update if a program was not meeting the requirements of a new feature pack, I have not seen a program uninstall itself due to a regular windows update.
As I said, I think event viewer could help determine the cause.
I would also check if you have UAC set to the Highest Level. The default setting is easily gotten around. The highest isn't perfect, but it's much better. I get a prompt for almost anything that tries to update in the background. The changes to windows settings is the key element there. Some installed programs system services disable uac at the default level and then auto update there program and then quickly re-enable it to make things easier. This is common in antivirus programs. With UAC at its highest level, it cannot change the uac setting, so you get a prompt for what the program is trying to do. Even malwarebytes for example cant update the program without a uac prompt. (But it can update the definitions.) Of course programs can still auto update even with UAC at its max. Browsers and the like. But it just depends on how the program updates and how its written. If a service was installed with a program that was approved by UAC and runs the update service as a system service (and was coded properly), there will be no UAC prompt. Or if the program is installed to the users folder, instead of the system. No prompt or admin required as well.
Yeah check your event viewer and see if it shows it being uninstalled and a failed install. It is most likely under the msi installer under source in the application view.
Example of teams addon to office being updated:
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