Certain areas of windows natively have much smaller fonts than others and the font size is hard coded...control panel, run, regedit, context menus, etc. Increasing scale helps, but the fonts in these areas will never be the same size as fonts elsewhere and there's no way to make them so.
Fonts size appearance
all starts with your scale settings. You have to tweak from there a little at a time until you reach a point where fonts everywhere are at a size you can live with,.
See this thread for details..
Context menu text size
What method have you used to change the size of your system font? In your screenshot it appears very large in that disk management window.